Operation and Capacity of Investigative Authorities to Investigate International Crimes

The chapter analyses the capacity of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), the National Police, and the State Bureau of Investigation (DBR) to investigate the most serious international crimes in wartime conditions. Despite the formal jurisdiction of the SBU, the main burden is borne by police investigators, often beyond their powers. Key challenges are outlined, including problems of jurisdiction, lack of specialisation, overload, need for training, and weak prioritisation of these crimes.

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14.7.2025

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Since the onset of the armed conflict in Ukraine, pre-trial investigation authorities have been faced with unprecedented challenges. It is their direct legal responsibility to swiftly respond to criminal offences, investigate crime scenes, and conduct pre-trial investigations. Instead, the prosecution authorities remain under the impression that the 2012 Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine reduced the responsibility of investigators for the quality and outcomes of their performance, shifting it towards those responsible for procedural oversight. However, the Code's approach emphasises a more quality engagement between pre-trial investigation and prosecution bodies, suggesting that the success of criminal proceedings hinges on their effectively coordinated efforts.

In accordance with Article 38 of the CPCU, the entities responsible for pre-trial investigations include: investigative units of the National Police, the Security Service, and the State Bureau of Investigation; the detective unit and the internal control unit of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine; and detective units of the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine[301]. The general rules on jurisdiction of these organs concerning grave international crimes are detailed in the section above[303].

Despite facing significant challenges since 2014 that necessitated a shift in their approach, it was not until 2021 that the pre-trial investigative authorities began to specialise in addressing the consequences of the armed conflict. The Office of the Prosecutor General, the National Police of Ukraine, and the Security Service of Ukraine decided to establish dedicated investigative units. These units focus on crimes committed in the context of the armed conflict and operate at the level of the main investigative departments and territorial branches in Donetsk and Luhansk regions[304]. However, this decision lost its relevance after 24 February 2022. The consequences of the armed conflict were recorded in different regions of Ukraine, so the scale of the events required the extension of the specialisation of investigative bodies to other regions. Therefore, some investigative bodies subsequently decided to introduce specialisation at the level of other regions, while others cannot afford this approach due to the peculiarities of their internal structure and lack of staff. But even against all these initiatives, an important step would be to prioritise investigations of grave crimes for the pretrial investigative authorities. The general scale of crimes committed, length of the investigations, low prospect of real prosecutions of the perpetrators result in deprioritisation of such cases by authorities.

Security Service of Ukraine

The internal structure of investigative units of the security services is based on the territorial and subject matter principles. Since 2014, both the Main Department of the SSU in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the Main Department of the SSU in Donetsk and Luhansk regions were the ones primarily focused on the armed conflict. Certain significant criminal proceedings have fallen under the jurisdiction of the Main Investigation Department of the SSU. The establishment of a dedicated unit within the Main Investigation Department of the SSU specialising on pre-trial investigation of criminal cases arising in the context of the armed conflict only began in the latter half of 2021 and was finalised in the spring of 2022. However, the regional branches of the SSU still lack such specialised units[305].

The Security Service of Ukraine has significantly fewer investigators compared with the National Police of Ukraine. The law states that the general number of the SSU employers is 27,000 during peacetime and 31,000 during special periods and include not just investigators but all the staff. These figures are set by the President of Ukraine upon the recommendation of the head of the SSU within the constraints of the State Budget of Ukraine[306]. Moreover, compared to the police, the territorial structure of the security service is less extensive, covering only the regional level, which means that fewer personnel are involved in the work.

The SSU investigators have the primary procedural duty to investigate grave international crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine. Based on the rules of jurisdiction set forth in Article 216 of the CPCU, they are responsible for crimes against Ukraine's national security as well as crimes against peace, human security, and international law and order. Consequently, if another pre-trial investigation body registers criminal proceedings with preliminary classification under articles within the SSU's jurisdiction, such proceedings are transferred to the security service for further investigation or assigned to another pre-trial investigation body afterwards.

Article 36 of the CPCU allows for the transfer of criminal proceedings either to another pre-trial investigation body or another unit within the same body. This procedure is actively used in criminal proceedings related to the armed conflict which allows the National Police of Ukraine or the State Bureau of Investigation to investigate alleged violations of the laws and customs of war. The decision to reassign the case due to another authority’s ineffectiveness can be justified, for example, by the failure to take the necessary measures within the criminal proceedings, failure to conduct the necessary investigative actions, failure to comply with the prosecutor's instructions, or other grounds. After the CPCU introduced the possibility of creating interagency investigation groups, the process of transfer of the proceedings between different pre-trial investigation bodies was simplified. In practice, however, the use of such a mechanism has remained limited and the process of transfer as was mentioned above is regulated by part 5 of article 36 of the CCU (ineffectiveness of investigation). However, the SSU remains the leading body in all proceedings and must assign investigators for such a group in each case. Consequence of such a complicated approach is that between transfer of investigations back and forth among the authorities, the process of investigation itself is put on hold and in the three to four months that it takes to reactivate it, valuable evidence is lost, witnesses become unavailable due to them moving, etc.

Based on an internal agreement between the pre-trial investigation and prosecution authorities, the Security Service of Ukraine is focusing on investigating the following incidents under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine:

attacks on vital civilian infrastructure, cultural heritage sites, nuclear facilities, educational and medical institutions, grain storage facilities, as well as attacks on civilian targets resulting in widespread destruction and significant civilian casualties;
large-scale theft of food (grain crops, etc.);
cases of ill-treatment or other unlawful acts against prisoners of war;
deportations and unlawful transfer of population.

Additionally, the SSU deals with situations involving the operations of headquarters, commandant's offices, and command posts of enemy troops and other occupation authorities. These are investigated under Article 438, but are also related to crimes against the foundations of national security.

The practice of investigating grave international crimes by the Security Service of Ukraine has a number of challenges that need to be addressed:

‍the SSU prioritises investigating offences against the foundations of national security. Under martial law in Ukraine, these crimes come to the forefront of the SSU's work. The SSU addresses security concerns both in the territory beyond active hostilities and in the liberated areas[307]. Consequently, along with the registered proceedings concerning grave international crimes, the number of registered offences against national security is increasing[308];‍
security service investigators lack experience in dealing with violent crimes. A large percentage of violations of the laws and customs of war contain acts of violence, including premeditated murder, torture and ill-treatment, sexual violence, unlawful detentions, etc. Typically, general criminal offences such as these fall under the responsibility of the police. SSU investigators thus often lack hands-on experience dealing with recording torture or corpses of the deceased victims. Investigators need to have basic skills in working with victims of such crimes. Additionally, there should be special expert units for taking biological samples and collecting physical evidence[309]. The gaps in professional experience can lead to repeat victimisation and negatively affect the quality of the evidence gathered;‍
investigators need specialised training in dealing with grave international crimes. The need for training on the specifics of war crimes investigation and international standards for working with them remains relevant. Although the armed conflict in Ukraine has been ongoing since 2014 and the scale of its consequences increased significantly after 24 February 2022, the training programmes for SSU investigators in this regard were isolated and not systematic. Given the investigators' experience and their exclusive jurisdiction over these types of crimes, they should be prioritised for professional training among other law enforcement bodies.‍
‍a significant share of the information handled by the SSU investigators is classified. Given the nature of its functions, most of the information collected by the Security Service is intelligence. According to SSU leadership, this information, among other things, forms the basis of investigations into the consequences of the armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine[310]. However, under Ukrainian criminal procedural law, this information may often be deemed as inadmissible evidence[311], since the procedure for obtaining it is classified and protected by law and cannot be disclosed[312]. Therefore, such information alone will not be sufficient for the investigation to prove that a crime has been committed[313];‍
heavy workload for investigators in the regions. The organisation of work within the SSU is such that the majority of criminal proceedings are handled by territorial units, while the Main Investigation Department of the SSU investigates cases of exceptional importance, with priorities set by the department itself. Hence, the main work in areas affected by the armed conflict and those liberated from Russian control remains the responsibility of the regional departments. Until now, the SSU has not developed effective solutions to strengthen the resources in the regions. Consequently, against the background of escalating demands from these areas, the regional departments are forced to organise work on the ground on their own or, as an alternative solution, to transfer proceedings to other investigative authorities;‍
low motivation of investigators. The heavy workload, lack of human resources, and prioritisation within the SSU adversely affect staff motivation. Although Ukrainian criminal procedure law leaves the SSU investigators with the entire burden of addressing grave international crimes, they are still ill-equipped to meet the challenge. Additionally, the question of reforming SSU is still open, with plans to streamline its functions and downsize its personnel[314].

Amidst the ongoing armed conflict, the SSU's focus remains on addressing security rather than investigating grave international crimes. Following 24 February 2022, the agency’s official position is that their attention has also turned to the work with internal human resources, with one of its current priorities is defined as ‘self-cleansing of the system’[315]. In practice, however, in order to increase human resources SSU uses possibilities of drafting and increases its human resources by hiring former investigators and prosecutors who had failed attestation during the reform in 2019. In addition, discussions around the reform of the Security Service of Ukraine have been ongoing since 2019[316]. The main point regarding the investigation of grave international crimes is that SSU investigators may lose their investigative functions, and their jurisdiction will be distributed among other authorities. In particular, jurisdiction over crimes under Article 438 of the CCU should be transferred to the State Bureau of Investigation. Presently, discussions on the content of this reform are ongoing, but the process has been suspended due to martial law[317].

SBU

органи безпеки

навантаження на слідчих

SBU reform

interagency investigative teams

National Police of Ukraine

The National Police of Ukraine has the largest number of personnel compared to other pre-trial investigation authorities. The total number of the NPU employees is just under 140,000 people[318]. This number is connected to the scope of tasks performed by the NPU, such as maintaining public safety and order. As a result, NPU branches are extensively distributed across the country, covering the level of regions, oblasts, cities, districts within cities, as well as interregional territorial bodies[319]. Among them, the number of police investigators before full-scale invasion was under 15 000 people, and after - 8 300.

Since 2014, the NPU has mainly worked with grave international crimes at the regional level despite their lack of direct jurisdiction. In order for the NPU to investigate the offences they classified them under provisions of ordinary crimes, for instance, 146 (kidnapping as opposed to enforced disappearance during armed conflict) 115 (murder as opposed to unlawful killing), 127 (torture), 260 (participation in the illegal armed group) all in connection with the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine. According to the territorial principle, this matter became the responsibility of the Main Department of the National Police in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, the Main Department of the National Police in Donetsk region, the Main Department of the National Police in Luhansk region, as well as their territorial units[320]. In the autumn of 2021, a dedicated department for organising investigations of crimes committed during the armed conflict was established within the Main Investigation Department of the NPU.

Following the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, the Main Investigation Department of the NPU faced the task of organising the work of the regional departments to ensure proper documentation of the consequences of the armed conflict in Ukraine[321]. A special group was set up at the level of the Main Investigation Department of the NPU under the coordination of the Department for Investigation of Crimes Committed in the Armed Conflict. This group, tasked with documenting the crimes of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus on the territory of Ukraine, included staff from the Cyber Police Department, the Strategic Investigations Department, the Patrol Police Department, the Criminal Investigation Department, the Criminal Analysis Department, and the Department for the Protection of Interests of Society and the State of the NPU[322]. The group’s tasks include collecting and documenting evidence of grave international crimes not only for domestic criminal proceedings but also for international authorities, pre-trial investigations and searching for assets that belong to the Russian state[323].

Given that nearly every region has been affected to varying degrees by either direct hostilities or missile attacks, the issue of specialisation of police units in relation to offences committed in the context of the armed conflict has not been discussed. Nevertheless, in order to implement the decision of the coordination council of the law enforcement headed by the Prosecutor general, not only the territorial units at public prosecutor's offices were established, but corresponding units were created in twelve regional investigative departments of the police in areas most affected by the armed conflict: Kyiv, city of Kyiv, Chernihiv, Sumy, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Kherson, Dnipro, Mykolaiv, Odesa. A separate unit operates in the department that deals with Crimea. Investigators at the regional level are either involved in documenting and investigating alleged violations of the laws and customs of war directly on the territory of their own region or are seconded to other regions[324].

Following 24 February 2022, NPU investigators took over most of the workload of the SSU in documenting and investigating grave international crimes. Approximately 90 percent of the opened investigations into the allegations remain with the NPU, although according to the CPC of Ukraine they still lack the jurisdiction[325]. Upon agreement between the pre-trial investigation and prosecution authorities, NPU investigators investigate the following incidents under Article 438 of the CCU:

premeditated unlawful killings,
mass graves,
sexual violence,
ill-treatment of civilians,
circumstances surrounding the operation of places of mass detention of civilians and their ill-treatment,
missing persons in the occupied territories,
unlawful deprivation of liberty,
looting of property,
attacks on civilian objects (other than those investigated by the SSU).

Based on this, the following challenges in their operations can be identified:

Police remain the first to arrive at the scene — in addition to ensuring security on the ground, the investigative and operational units of the NPU found themselves having to inspect crime scenes, even when those incidents fell outside their jurisdiction[326]. It is the police that gather evidence at the sites of shelling and other consequences of the armed conflict[327]. In addition to promptly responding to offences, the NPU manages the 102 hotline where anyone can report an offence and wait for the arrival of an NPU patrol team;‍
Criminal proceedings regarding the consequences of the armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine fall outside the jurisdiction of the NPU — The preliminary legal classification of events on the territory of Ukraine puts them into the category of crimes against the foundations of national security or crimes against peace, human security, and international law and order[328]. Crimes within these categories fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the SSU. However, police investigators continue to document them and register relevant criminal proceedings;‍
Investigating in the areas liberated from Russian control requires significant resources — As practice has shown, the scale of the territories liberated as a result of hostilities requires the simultaneous engagement of a significant number of investigators[329]. Given the risk of losing evidence at crime scenes, investigative teams work simultaneously in several locations[330]. Moreover, the specifics of the violations of the laws and customs of war requires the involvement of experts and specialists in various fields to collect samples and work with physical evidence[331]. At the same time, the liberated areas pose risks for personnel due to mining, which often limits the access of investigators and operatives to crime scenes[332];‍
Investigators need special on the job training on implementation of international standards for documenting and investigating grave international crimes — Considering the significant number of NPU investigators in the investigation of grave international crimes and the specifics of such investigations, the demand for training in international humanitarian and criminal law remains very high. The shortcomings of national legislation force the NPU to devise practical solutions for handling electronic evidence, gathering information from witnesses' testimony, and analysing information about alleged perpetrators[333]. Moreover, despite the experience in investigating serious crimes, investigators must consider the specifics of international law when investigating grave international crimes so that the collected evidence is relevant not only for the domestic justice system, but also for international mechanisms;‍
The workload of the NPU consists of not only conflict-related pre-trial investigation files but also general law enforcement duties — In addition to the challenges faced in investigating grave international crimes, the NPU must also carry out their regular duties and functions[334]. Specifically, the NPU handles general criminal offences that still take place during the armed conflict, as well as ensures law and order in areas under its jurisdiction[335]. As a result, the workload of the NPU increases several times over compared to other pre-trial investigation authorities, especially in the areas liberated from Russian control[336].

To accumulate its own experience in investigating core international crimes and to determine the general direction of development in this area, the National Police of Ukraine presented its own strategy for managing the investigation of international crimes committed in the context of armed conflict[337]. This document also emphasizes the identified challenges in the work of investigators. In addition to the above, the body itself also points to the negative impact of unhealthy competition between institutions (e.g., unwillingness to share information for the sake of a common result), imperfect coordination, interaction and prioritization in the investigation process. At the same time, the implementation of such initiatives and developments directly depends on the introduction of jurisdiction for police investigators to investigate core international crimes and relevant changes to the legislation.

NPU

investigative jurisdiction

навантаження на слідчих

documentation

pre-trial investigation

State Bureau of Investigation

After its establishment, the State Bureau of Investigation has effectively taken over the jurisdiction previously held by the public prosecutor's office. In fact, it began to fully function on 27 November 2018[338], and exactly a year later, in line with paragraph 1 of the Transitional Provisions of the CPCU[339], the public prosecutor's offices no longer had the authority to conduct pre-trial investigations and have investigators on staff.

Pursuant to Article 216 of the CPCU, the SBI has jurisdiction over crimes committed by persons with a special status: representatives of public and civil service, members of anti-corruption bodies, as well as to the crimes against the established order of the military service (military crimes) under Section XIX of the Criminal Code of Ukraine[340]. On the one hand, SBI jurisdiction is not connected to grave international crimes or investigation of such offences. On the other hand, in practice, there is a question of investigating cases where Ukrainian servicemen have allegedly committed these crimes. Especially given that some of the violations of the laws and customs of war that could potentially be committed by Ukrainian military personnel[341] are envisaged in Chapter XIX of the Criminal Code of Ukraine: Article 426 ‘Inaction of military authorities’, Article 432 ‘Marauding’, Article 433 ‘Violence against population in an operational zone’, Article 434 ‘Ill-treatment of prisoners of war’, Article 435 ‘Unlawful use or misuse of the Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal symbols’[342].

In April 2022, the SBI also provided a response to Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine by establishing a dedicated unit within the Main Investigation Department. Its task is to conduct pre-trial investigations into military offences, offences against peace, human security, and international law and order committed as a result of the Russian Federation's aggressive war against Ukraine, with the participation of the representatives of other countries[343]. Investigators of this department were engaged in documenting the aftermath of the armed conflict in Kyiv, Sumy, and Chernihiv regions[344]. Based on the public statements from the SBI leadership, this format of work was made possible through an interagency investigation team involving other pre-trial investigative bodies[345]. In practice, however, investigation files were passed on the basis of part 5 article 36 CPCU for a short period of time and eventually were passed back on to SSU.

As SBI investigators stepped up their efforts in the liberated regions, they focused their activities on investigating the actions of officials of various levels, their possible collaboration with the Russian side[346], and any potential breaches of the laws and customs of war in this context[347]. Grave international crimes remain outside the SBI's specialisation and are rare compared to other criminal offences. This suggests that the public prosecutor's offices do not rely enough on the additional investigative resources of the SBI, leaving them out of the overall effort.

In general, the SBI has the smallest number of human resources compared to the National Police and the Security Service of Ukraine. Pursuant to Article 9 of the Law of Ukraine ‘On the State Bureau of Investigation,’ the maximum number of SBI employees can be 1,600[348]. Against the background of discussions about the potential reform of the Security Service of Ukraine and the transfer of jurisdiction over crimes against the foundations of national security and grave international crimes to the State Bureau of Investigation, the primary concern is whether the SBI's number of employees is sufficient to cope with the significant workload of dealing with the consequences of the armed conflict. If this reform is adopted at the legislative level, it will necessitate a prompt decision on changing the internal structure of the SBI and expanding the number of investigators.

SBI

investigative jurisdiction

pre-trial investigation

interagency investigative teams

навантаження на слідчих

Other pre-trial investigation bodies

According to the CPCU, the jurisdiction of other pre-trial investigation bodies do not include grave international crimes. Yet, certain aspects of their work are connected to the investigation of the consequences of the armed conflict in Ukraine after 24 February 2022.

The National Anti-Corruption Bureau is a part of the system of anti-corruption system[349], so its jurisdiction covers corruption offences perpetrated by officials[350]. Following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, NABU detectives also gathered evidence related to the consequences of the armed conflict in Ukraine, which included examining information from open sources and documenting their findings. According to official statements by NABU, its detectives also participated in the pre-trial investigation of violations of the laws and customs of war in the Kyiv region[351].

At the same time, NABU's work is also closely related to the tracing and seizing assets of the Russian Federation within the Task Force - the Interagency Working Group on Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Aggression Against Ukraine, Tracing, Seizure and Further Confiscation of Their Assets[352]. Its work involves analysing assets of both private individuals and legal entities to identify beneficiaries based in the Russian Federation. They are also being checked for any involvement in the encroachment on the territorial integrity of Ukraine within the framework of the so-called ‘umbrella proceedings’ on the fact of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. As publicly mentioned, the results of the Task Force’s efforts could serve as a source of compensation for the consequences of Russia's actions on the territory of Ukraine. However, in 2023, the Task Force's activity became less noticeable. Most likely, this is due to a large number of problems both at the level of legislation and at the level of political discussions related to the process of seizing Russian assets. Additionally, the High Anti-Corruption Court of Ukraine is already considering cases on the recovery of assets and issuing relevant decisions[353].

The Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine is a relatively new law enforcement authority in the Ukrainian system[354]. Its jurisdiction is related to the so-called ‘economic crimes’[355] and is quite removed from investigating the consequences of the armed conflict in Ukraine. Nevertheless, ESBU investigators are also involved in the search and seizure of Russian assets within the Task Force[356].

The role of the NABU and the ESBU in investigating the consequences of the armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine is related to the analysis of the economic conditions for activities of Russian and Belarusian entities in Ukraine. Discussions are still ongoing regarding the legal framework for the seizure of their assets and subsequent recovery. The possibility of establishing legislative mechanisms that would allow their resources to be used as a compensation fund for damages from the armed conflict is also under consideration.

During the armed conflict, Ukraine's pre-trial investigation authorities remain the ones who are responsible for responding to and documenting the offences. The quality and effectiveness of their efforts determines the content and scope of evidence collected for grave international crimes, which later becomes the basis for administering justice. Each law enforcement authority faces its own unique challenges in this regard, but their collective effort requires coordination. Since no single pre-trial investigative body can cope with the investigation of the consequences of the armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine on its own, the allocation of their resources depends on the decisions of procedural supervisors in criminal proceedings. Furthermore, the rules of jurisdiction set out in the CPCU require amendments that will resolve procedural conflicts and allow the investigative bodies to avoid dependence on the SBU in such investigations and to conduct investigations independently. However, the main challenge for each law enforcement authority is to increase qualification and develop competences of investigators through practical and continuous learning of effective application of international humanitarian and criminal law standards.

NABU

investigative jurisdiction

Task Force

ESBU

pre-trial investigation

[302] Article 38 / Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, No. 4651-VI, 13.04.2012: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17/conv#n2054.

[303] See Overview of Ukraine’s domestic legislation.

[304] Iryna Venediktova’s facebook post, 14.07.2021: https://www.facebook.com/VenediktovaIryna/posts/pfbid0Lx2hHmPdf2YpDrnGA8tGH7C1PnhL3ut2dWKhNHKBKzWBeAezfDJD9Femg2MTKo1bl. The SSU and National Police to create units to investigate crimes in the context of armed conflict // ZN.UA / 14.07.2021: https://zn.ua/ukr/UKRAINE/v-sbu-ta-natspolitsiji-stvorjat-pidrozdili-dlja-rozsliduvannja-zlochiniv-v-umovakh-zbrojnoho-konfliktu.html.

[305] Yurii Bielousov, War Department of the Office of the Prosecutor General: ‘There is competition between us and investigative journalists. This is good, but there are risks.’ / Andrii Chernikov // Detector Media, 05.08.2022: https://detector.media/infospace/article/201635/2022-08-05-yuriy-bielousov-departament-viyny-ofisu-genprokurora-mizh-namy-i-zhurnalistamy-rozsliduvachamy-vynykla-konkurentsiya-tse-dobre-ale-ie-ryzyky/. People want justice here and now, but it's a "long game" - Head of the OPG "war department" on the tribunal and Russian crimes / Yurii Bielousov // Telegraf, 08.01.2024: https://telegraf.com.ua/ukr/intervju/2024-01-08/5826305-lyudi-khochut-spravedlivosti-tut-i-zaraz-ale-tse-gra-vdovgu-kerivnik-departamentu-viyni-ogp-pro-tribunal-ta-zlochini-rosiyan-ch-1.

[306] The number of employees of the Security Service of Ukraine shall be determined by the President of Ukraine upon the proposal of the Head of the Security Service of Ukraine, based on the needs for reliable protection of the state security of Ukraine, and within the limits of expenditures provided for the maintenance of the Security Service of Ukraine in the State Budget of Ukraine. / Article 19 // Law of Ukraine ‘On Security Service of Ukraine,’ No. 2229-ХІІ, 25.03.1992: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2229-12#Text.

[307] In accordance with its main tasks, the Security Service of Ukraine is obliged to: ...assist in ensuring the regime of martial law and state of emergency in case of their declaration, as well as in eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, major accidents, catastrophes, epidemics, epizootics, and other emergencies... / Article 24 Paragraph 1 Subparagraph 11 // Law of Ukraine ‘On Security Service of Ukraine,’ No. 2229-ХІІ, 25.03.1992: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2229-12#Text.

[308] As of 12.12.2022, 18,508 criminal offences against the foundations of national security were registered, including: 11,764 under Art. 110 of the CCU, 1,907 under Art. 111 of the CCU, 3,756 under Art. 111-1 of the CCU, 355 under Art. 111-2 of the CCU, 63 under Art. 113 of the CCU, and 663 criminal offences of other types (starting from 24.02.2022). / Official telegram channel of the Office of the Prosecutor General: https://t.me/pgo_gov_ua/8061. Kherson region: SSU detains collaborators who threatened to shoot people for refusing to ‘vote’ in pseudo-referendum / Security Service of Ukraine, 12.12.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-zatrymala-na-khersonshchyni-kolaborantiv-yaki-pohrozhuvaly-rozstrilom-za-vidmovu-holosuvaty-na-psevdoreferendumi. SSU identifies six Russian generals who gave orders to seize Ukrainian cities in Kharkiv region / Security Service of Ukraine, 12.12.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-identyfikuvala-6kh-rosiiskykh-heneraliv-yaki-viddavaly-nakazy-na-zakhoplennia-ukrainskykh-mist-na-kharkivshchyni. Kherson: SSU detains Russian agent who adjusted shelling of Ukrainian positions on the southern front / Security Service of Ukraine, 02.12.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-zatrymala-u-khersoni-rosiiskoho-ahenta-yakyi-koryhuvav-obstrily-pozytsii-zsu-na-pivdennomu-fronti. Lyman: SSU detains collaborator who offered Russian MREs in exchange for support of occupation authorities / Security Service of Ukraine, 01.12.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-zatrymala-v-lymani-kolaborantku-yaka-proponuvala-sukhpaiky-z-rf-v-obmin-na-pidtrymku-okupatsiinoi-vlady. SSU identifies collaborators who initiated ‘accession’ of Donetsk region to the rf / Security Service of Ukraine, 17.11.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-identyfikuvala-kolabornativ-yaki-initsiiuvaly-pryiednannia-donechchyny-do-rf. ‘SSU conducts stabilisation measures and detects collaborators and traitors in Kherson region,’ Vasyl Maliuk / Security Service of Ukraine, 14.11.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-provodyt-stabilizatsiini-zakhody-ta-vyiavliaie-kolaborantiv-i-zradnykiv-na-khersonshchyni-vasyl-maliuk. SSU detains enemy propagandist who prepared fake news for Solovyov's talk show / Security Service of Ukraine, 12.11.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-zatrymala-vorozhoho-ahitatora-yakyi-hotuvav-feiky-dlia-tokshou-soloviova. SSU exposes over 700 collaborators since the start of full-scale invasion / Security Service of Ukraine, 10.11.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/z-pochatku-povnomasshtabnoho-vtorhnennia-sbu-vykryla-ponad-700-kolaborantiv. SSU identifies new collaborators who joined the occupation ‘moia of the rf’ in Zaporizhzhia and carry out mass repressions / Security Service of Ukraine, 03.11.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-identyfikuvala-novykh-kolaborantiv-yaki-vstupyly-do-okupatsiinoho-mvd-rf-na-zaporizhzhi-i-provodiat-masovi-represii. Post on the Supreme Court page // Facebook, 12.04.2024: https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1V2H8KkqsB/.

[309] SSU discovers another torture chamber of ruscists in liberated Kherson / Security Service of Ukraine, 16.11.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-vyiavyla-shche-odnu-kativniu-rashystiv-u-zvilnenomu-khersoni. Kherson region: SSU detains rf militant who shot at civilians / Security Service of Ukraine, 14.11.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/sbu-zatrymala-na-khersonshchyni-boiovyka-rf-yakyi-striliav-u-myrne-naselennia. russia continues to use globally banned phosphorus bombs against Ukraine / Security Service of Ukraine, 01.11.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/rosiia-prodovzhuie-vykorystovuvaty-proty-ukrainy-zaboroneni-u-vsomu-sviti-fosforni-bomby.

[310] SSU’s Head Maliuk: ‘We Ukrainians just like cotton a lot’ // Interfax-Ukraine, 27.10.2022: https://interfax.com.ua/news/interview/868357.html.

[311] Article 86 / Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, No. 4651-VI, 13.04.2012: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17/conv#n2054.

[312] In accordance with the procedure established by this Law, state secrets include information: ...in the sphere of state security and law enforcement: ...on the means, content, plans, organisation, financing and logistical support, forms, methods and results of operational search, intelligence and counterintelligence activities; on persons who cooperate or previously cooperated on a confidential basis with the bodies conducting such activities; on the composition and specific persons who are undercover staff members of bodies conducting operational search, intelligence, and counterintelligence activities... / Article 8 Paragraph 1 Subparagraph 4 Indent 3 // Law of Ukraine ‘On State Secret,’ No. 3855-ХІІ, 21.01.1994: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3855-12#Text.

[313] According to the Office of the Prosecutor General, on 21 June 2023 at the Coordination council session the decisions were made as to the significance of the intelligence when gathering evidence. However, it was not discussed or disclosed how such information gathering was to be implemented and how it would be used as evidence//Office of the Prosecutor General 18.01.2024: https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/rezultati-roboti-z-protidiyi-zlocinam-vcinenim-v-umovax-zbroinogo-konfliktu-za-2023-rik

[314] SSU Reform // Security Service of Ukraine: https://ssu.gov.ua/reforma-ssu.

[315] SSU Head Maliuk: ‘We Ukrainians just like cotton a lot’ // Interfax-Ukraine, 27.10.2022: https://interfax.com.ua/news/interview/868357.html. Acting SSU Head Vasyl Maliuk: ‘Cleansing of the SSU is one of the main priorities today.’ / Security Service of Ukraine, 27.10.2022: https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/ochyshchennia-sbu-odyn-z-holovnykh-priorytetiv-sohodni-vo-holovy-sluzhby-vasyl-maliuk.

[316] SSU Reform // Security Service of Ukraine: https://ssu.gov.ua/reforma-ssu. On 10.03.2022, the Draft Law on Amendments to Law of Ukraine ‘On Security Service of Ukraine’ Regarding Improving Organisational and Legal Framework of Security Service of Ukraine (Reg. No. 3196) was registered in the Verkhovna Rada: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=68347. On 20.05.2020, during the second first reading, it was sent back for revision. On 26.10.2020, the revised draft law No. 3196-d was registered: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=70243. On 28.01.2021, it was adopted in the first reading.

[317] Amid the war, the process of reforming the SSU was put on hold // Ukrinform, 08.11.2022: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-polytics/3610215-v-umovah-vijni-proces-reformuvanna-sbu-postavili-na-pauzu-deputat.html.

[318]Article 13 (5) // Law of Ukraine ‘On National Police of Ukraine,’ No. 580-VIII, 02.07.2015: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/580-19#Text.

[319] Article 15 // Law of Ukraine ‘On National Police of Ukraine,’ No. 580-VIII, 02.07.2015: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/580-19#Text.

[320] Structure of the National Police of Ukraine // National Police of Ukraine: https://www.npu.gov.ua/pro-policiyu/struktura-nacionalnoyi-policiyi.

[321] ‘It is important to structure and prioritise the array of information about each fact of war crimes committed by the rf,’ Kateryna Pavlichenko // National Police of Ukraine, 19.05.2022: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/masiv-informaciyi-pro-kozhen-fakt-voyennih-zlochiniv-vchinenih-rf-vazhlivo-strukturuvati-ta-prioritezuvati-katerina-pavlichenko.

[322] National Police to create a special group to document crimes of Russia and Belarus against Ukraine // LB.ua, 18.04.2022: https://lb.ua/society/2022/04/18/513842_natspolitsii_stvorili_spetsgrupu_z.html.

[323] National Police to create a special group to document crimes of Russia and Belarus against Ukraine // LB.ua, 18.04.2022: https://lb.ua/society/2022/04/18/513842_natspolitsii_stvorili_spetsgrupu_z.html.

[324] NPU investigators investigate almost 7,500 war crimes // Main Department of the National Police in Chernihiv region, 18.04.2022: https://cn.npu.gov.ua/news/slidchi-natspolitsii-rozsliduyut-mayzhe-75-tisyach-voennikh-zlochiniv.

[325] Head of the National Police: during the war, materials on 126 sabotage groups were found and transferred to the SBU / Oksana Gerontieva // Interfax-Ukraine, 10.10.2023: https://interfax.com.ua/news/interview/940311.html. A post on the page of the National Police of Ukraine // Telegram, 04/16/2024: https://t.me/UA_National_Police/21454.

[326] Since the onset of russia's full-scale invasion into Ukraine, investigators from the National Police of Ukraine have initiated 49,001 criminal proceedings related to crimes committed on Ukrainian soil by members of the russian armed forces and their associates. Of these: 37,487 under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Violation of rules of the warfare); 9,129 under Article 110 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Trespass against territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine); 2,197 under Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Collaboration), 103 under Article 111 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (High treason), 37 under Article 113 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Sabotage), etc. / Crimes committed by the russian military during the full-scale invasion of Ukraine (as of 16.12.2022) // National Police of Ukraine, 16.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/zlochyny-vchyneni-viiskovymy-rf-pid-chas-povnomasshtabnoho-vtorhnennia-v-ukrainu-stanom-na-16122022.

[327] Donetsk region: Police document consequences of 26 russian fire attacks // National Police of Ukraine, 16.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/politseiski-zadokumentuvaly-naslidky-26-rosiiskykh-vohnevykh-atak-na-donechchyni. Kherson region: Police open 22 criminal proceedings on war crimes of russian army // National Police of Ukraine, 09.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/politsiia-vidkryla-22-kryminalni-provadzhennia-za-faktamy-voiennykh-zlochyniv-rosiiskoi-armii-na-khersonshchyni. Kherson region: Police open 51 criminal proceedings on war crimes of russian army // National Police of Ukraine, 16.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/politsiia-vidkryla-51-kryminalne-provadzhennia-za-faktamy-voiennykh-zlochyniv-rosiiskoi-armii-na-khersonshchyni. Sumy region: Police document consequences of artillery shelling by russian troops // National Police of Ukraine, 07.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/politsiia-sumshchyny-dokumentuie-naslidky-artyleriiskykh-obstriliv-rosiiskymy-viiskamy. https://t.me/UA_National_Police/19373. https://t.me/Klymenko_MVS/752.

[328] Law enforcers serve suspicion notice to russian state duma deputy for encroachment on territorial integrity of Ukraine // National Police of Ukraine, 13.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/pravookhorontsi-povidomyly-pro-pidozru-deputatu-rosiiskoi-derzhdumy-za-posiahannia-na-terytorialnu-tsilisnist-ukrainy. Law enforcers served suspicion notices to six generals of the russian army // National Police of Ukraine, 12.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/pravookhorontsi-povidomyly-pro-pidozru-shistom-heneralam-armii-rf. Investigators served a notice of suspicion to a woman who allegedly collaborated with the occupiers while serving as the village head in Kharkiv region during the occupation // National Police of Ukraine, 30.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/obiiniala-posadu-starosty-sela-na-kharkivshchyni-pid-chas-okupatsii-slidchi-povidomyly-pro-pidozru-mistsevii-meshkantsi-u-kolaboratsiinii-diialnosti. Police investigators serve a notice of suspicion of high treason to Kherson region resident // National Police of Ukraine, 02.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/slidchi-politsii-povidomyly-pro-pidozru-meshkantsiu-khersonshchyny-v-derzhavnii-zradi. Mykolaiv investigators serve local resident a notice of suspicion of supporting russia's armed aggression // National Police of Ukraine, 02.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/mykolaivski-slidchi-politsii-oholosyly-mistsevomu-zhyteliu-pidozru-u-pidtrymtsi-zbroinoi-ahresii-rosii. Collaborator was served a notice of suspicion by the National Police // National Police of Ukraine, 03.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/za-materialamy-natspolitsii-povidomleno-pro-pidozru-kolaboranttsi.

[329] Kyiv hosts a workshop on the specifics of police work in the context of russia's armed aggression // National Police of Ukraine, 01.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/u-kyievi-prokhodyt-praktychnyi-seminar-pro-osoblyvosti-roboty-politsii-v-umovakh-zbroinoi-ahresii-rf. Report of the National Police of Ukraine on the results of work in 2022 // Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/storage/app/sites/1/17-civik-2018/zvit2022/Zvit_polic_2022.pdf.

[330] Homes destroyed by shelling, rampant looting, and building seizures: Luhansk police document russian war crimes. // National Police of Ukraine, 03.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/ruinuvannia-pomeshkan-vnaslidok-obstriliv-maroderstvo-ta-znyknennia-liudei-luhanski-politseiski-dokumentuiut-voienni-zlochyny-rosii. Luhansk region: Police document war crimes of russian military in Svatove district // National Police of Ukraine, 07.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/luhanshchyna-politseiski-dokumentuiut-voienni-zlochyny-rosiiskykh-viiskovykh-na-terytorii-svativskoho-raionu. Specialised investigative teams document crimes of the russian army in de-occupied Kherson // National Police of Ukraine, 17.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/v-deokupovanomu-khersoni-spetsializovani-slidcho-operatyvni-hrupy-dokumentuiut-zlochyny-armii-rf. The National Police has mobile teams that document crimes committed against children in the context of war // National Police of Ukraine, 16.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/u-natspolitsii-pratsiuiut-mobilni-hrupy-iaki-dokumentuiut-zlochyny-vchyneni-v-umovakh-viiny-shchodo-ditei.

[331] As part of a specialised mobile unit, police officers document instances of sexual violence by occupiers in Kherson region // National Police of Ukraine, 14.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/na-khersonshchyni-politseiski-u-skladi-spetsialnoi-mobilnoi-hrupy-vyiavliaiut-ta-rozsliduiut-fakty-vchynennia-rosiiskymy-viiskovymy-seksualnoho-nasylstva-proty-myrnoho-naselennia. Mykolaiv region: Law enforcers exhume bodies of residents of de-occupied Shyroke community killed by russian military // National Police of Ukraine, 08.12.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/na-deokupovanii-terytorii-mykolaivshchyny-pravookhorontsi-provodiat-ekshumatsiiu-til-meshkantsiv-shyrokivskoi-hromady-iakykh-vbyly-viiskovi-rf. ‘National Police completes exhumation of bodies from mass graves in Izyum,’ Serhii Panteleiev // Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, 23.09.2022: https://mvs.gov.ua/news/nacpoliciya-zaversuje-eksgumaciyu-til-iz-misc-masovogo-poxovannya-v-misti-izyum-sergii-pantelejev. Police conduct investigative actions in Kherson pre-trial detention centre // National Police of Ukraine, 19.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/politseiski-provodiat-slidchi-dii-u-khersonskomu-sizo.

[332] Kherson region: Police have implemented stabilisation measures in over 200 settlements, according to Yevhenii Yenin // National Police of Ukraine, 23.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/na-khersonshchyni-politsiia-zabezpechuie-stabilizatsiini-zakhody-u-ponad-200-naselenykh-punktakh-ievhenii-ienin.

[333] The Ministry of Internal Affairs has created an information database of war criminals identified during the Russian aggression // Detector Media, 03.08.2023: https://detector.media/infospace/article/215104/2023-08-03-mvs-stvorylo-informatsiynu-bazu-voiennykh-zlochyntsiv-vyyavlenykh-pid-chas-rosiyskoi-agresii/. Almost 250,000 invaders and collaborators have been added to the War Criminal database // Ukrinform, 22.12.2023: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3803727-u-bazu-voennij-zlocinec-vnesli-vze-majze-250-tisac-zagarbnikiv-i-kolaborantiv.html.

[334] Ihor Klymenko: ‘Ten teams of explosives experts are currently working in Kherson region // National Police of Ukraine, 15.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/narazi-na-khersonshchyni-pratsiuiut10-hrup-vybukhotekhnikiv-ihor-klymenko.

[335] Kharkiv region: Police responded to 1,566 calls from citizens in one day // National Police of Ukraine, 13.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/politsiia-kharkivshchyny-za-dobu-vidreahuvala-na-1566-povidomlen-vid-hromadian. Head of NPU Ihor Klymenko: ‘National Police implements stabilisation measures in Kherson’ // National Police of Ukraine, 12.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/natsionalna-politsiia-provodyt-stabilizatsiini-zakhody-v-khersoni-hlava-vidomstva-ihor-klymenko. Ihor Klymenko: ‘Police resume work in the de-occupied part of Kherson region, but it is extremely dangerous for citizens to return due to massive mine contamination’ // National Police of Ukraine, 11.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/politsiia-vidnovliuie-robotu-na-deokupovanii-chastyni-khersonshchyny-ale-hromadianam-povertatysia-vkrai-nebezpechno-cherez-masove-minuvannia-ihor-klymenko.

[336] Denys Monastyrskyi: ‘Police resumed work in 182 out of 229 de-occupied settlements on Dnipro’s right bank in Kherson region // National Police of Ukraine, 15.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/denys-monastyrskyi-politsiia-vidnovyla-svoiu-robotu-u-182-iz-229-deokupovanykh-naselenykh-punktakh-pravoberezhzhia-khersonshchyny. Ihor Klymenko: ‘The training programme for future police officers will incorporate lessons learned from working in the de-occupied territories.’ // National Police of Ukraine, 10.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/dosvid-roboty-na-deokupovanykh-terytoriiakh-uviide-do-prohramy-pidhotovky-maibutnikh-politseiskykh-ihor-klymenko. Citizens' awareness is the key to safe life: Police conduct outreach activities in the liberated territories of Snihurivka district // National Police of Ukraine, 19.11.2022: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/obiznanist-hromadian-zaporuka-bezpechnoho-zhyttia-politseiski-provodiat-informatsiino-roziasniuvalnu-robotu-na-zvilnenykh-terytoriiakh-snihurivshchyny.

[337] The National Police presented the Strategy of the Main Investigation Department for the Investigation of International Crimes Committed in the Context of War // National Police of Ukraine, January 28, 2025: https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/natspolitsiia-prezentuvala-stratehiiu-holovnoho-slidchoho-upravlinnia-z-rozsliduvanniam-mizhnarodnykh-zlochyniv-skoienykh-u-konteksti-viiny?v=6798d19930406&fbclid=IwY2xjawIF2PZleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHdTa97KGsHlR-MWstLa2alU8IRwWa1sEfbckUmTFqmNZQgGWWkNSEb0gVA_aem_uUqiHozK24efKPSR9q5AZg.

[338] History / State Bureau of Investigation: https://dbr.gov.ua/istoriya.

[339] Clause 1 of the Transitional Provisions / Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, No. 4651-VI, 13.04.2012: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17/conv#n2054.

[340] Investigators from units of the State Bureau of Investigations of Ukraine shall conduct pre-trial investigation of criminal offences:

committed by the President of Ukraine, whose powers have been terminated, the Prime Minister of Ukraine, a member of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, First Deputy and Deputy Ministers, a member of the National Council of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting, the National Commission for State Regulation of Financial Services Markets, National Commission on Securities and Stock Market, the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine, Chairman of the State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine, Chairman of the State Property Fund of Ukraine, his First Deputy and Deputy, member of the Central Election Commission, Member of Parliament of Ukraine, Commissioner for Human Rights, Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, Director of the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine, Prosecutor General, his first deputy and deputy, Chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine, his First Deputy and Deputy Chairman, Head of the National Bank of Ukraine, his First Deputy and Deputy, Chairman of the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption, his Deputy, the Secretary of the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine, his First Deputy and Deputy, the Permanent Representative of the President of Ukraine to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, his First Deputy and Deputy, Adviser or Assistant to the President of Ukraine, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Prime Minister of Ukraine, a judge, a law enforcement officer, a person whose office belongs to A category, except where the pre-trial investigation of these criminal offences is under the jurisdiction of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine in accordance with part 5 of this Article;
committed by officials of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, Deputy Prosecutor General – Head of the Specialised Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office or other prosecutors of the Specialised Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office, except when the pre-trial investigation of these criminal offences is under the jurisdiction of detectives of the internal control unit of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine in accordance with part 5 of this Article;
against the established procedure for military service (military criminal offences), except for criminal offences provided for by Article 422 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. // Article 216 / Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, No. 4651-VI, 13.04.2012: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17/conv#n2054.

[341] Servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, the National Guard of Ukraine and other military groups formed in accordance with the laws of Ukraine, the State Special Transport Service, the State Special Communications and Information Protection Service of Ukraine, as well as other persons specified by law, shall be liable under the respective Articles of this Section. / Article 401 Paragraph 2 // Criminal Code of Ukraine, No. 2341-ІІІ, 05.04.2001: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14#Text.

[342] Criminal Code of Ukraine, No. 2341-ІІІ, 05.04.2001: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14#Text.

[343] SBI establishes special investigation department to investigate Russian military offences / State Bureau of Investigation, 07.04.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-stvorilo-specialne-slidche-upravlinnya-shho-rozsliduvatime-vijskovi-zlochini-rf.

[344] SBI establishes special investigation department to investigate Russian military offences / YouTube, 07.04.2022: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9umrtE1n9v4&t=1s&ab_channel=%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C. Oleksii Sukhachov: ‘SBI completed documenting crimes of russian military in Irpin. The investigative team will continue its work in Sumy region.’ / State Bureau of Investigation, 19.04.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-zadokumentuvalo-zlochini-rosijskih-vijskovih-v-irpeni.-grupa-slidchih-prodovzhit-robotu-v-sumskij-oblasti-oleksij-suhachov. Oleksii Sukhachov: ‘SBI continues to thoroughly document aggressor's crimes against civilians: Chernihiv region is next.’ / State Bureau of Investigation, 19.05.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-prodovzhue-retelno-dokumentuvati-zlochini-agresora-proti-mirnogo-naselennya-na-cherzi-chernigivshhina-oleksij-suhachov. SBI documented about 20 cases of torture of local residents of Trostianets in one week / State Bureau of Investigation, 27.04.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/za-tizhden-dbr-zadokumentuvalo-blizko-20-faktiv-katuvannya-miscevogo-naselennya-trostyancya.

[345] Oleksii Sukhachov: ‘SBI is actively involved in repelling russian aggression.’ / State Bureau of Investigation, 11.05.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-bere-aktivnu-uchast-u-vidbitti-agresii-rosijskoi-federacii-oleksij-suhachov/. Head of the SBI's Main Investigation Department Oleksandr Udovychenko: ‘A number of criminal proceedings are being investigated against companies whose beneficiaries are russian citizens and in which state-owned enterprises have a stake.’ / Tetiana Bodnia // Censor.NET, 27.04.2022: https://censor.net/ua/resonance/3336798/nachalnyk_golovnogo_slidchogo_upravlinnya_dbr_oleksandr_udovychenko_rozsliduyetsya_nyzka_kryminalnyh.

[346] Former law enforcement officer from Kherson, who works for occupants, will be brought to court following the SBI investigation / State Bureau of Investigation, 30.11.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/za-materialami-dbr-pered-sudom-postane-ekspravoohoronec-z-hersonu-yakij-pracyue-na-okupantiv. Kharkiv region: SBI’s efforts led to the detention of 19 traitors in de-occupied territories / State Bureau of Investigation, 29.11.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/za-rezultatami-roboti-dbr-na-deokupovanih-teritoriyah-harkivshhini-zatrimano-19-zradnikiv. SBI serves a notice of suspicion of high treason to Mariupol tax officer who collects money for occupiers / State Bureau of Investigation, 25.11.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-povidomilo-pro-pidozru-u-derzhavnij-zradi-podatkivici-z-mariupolya-yaka-zbirae-groshi-dlya-okupantiv. SBI serves notice of suspicion to the head of Kupiansk occupation police department / State Bureau of Investigation, 24.11.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-povidomilo-pro-pidozru-ochilnici-viddilu-okupacijnoi-policii-kupyanska.

[347] SBI detains collaborators from Kherson detention centre who illegally detained Ukrainian patriots / State Bureau of Investigation, 28.11.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-zatrimalo-kolaborantiv-z-hersonskogo-sizo-yaki-nezakonno-utrimuvali-ukrainskih-patriotiv. SBI completes special investigation into commander of russian ship that fired at Mariupol / State Bureau of Investigation, 23.11.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-zavershilo-specrozsliduvannya-shhodo-komandira-rosijskogo-korablya-yakij-obstrilyuvav-mariupol. An indictment is sent to court against the traitor who carried out filtration measures in the temporarily occupied territory / State Bureau of Investigation, 19.11.2022: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/do-sudu-skerovano-obvinuvalnij-akt-shhodo-zradnika-yakij-provodiv-filtracijni-zahodi-na-timchasovo-okupovanij-teritorii1.

[348] Article 9 / Law of Ukraine ‘On the State Bureau of Investigation’ dd. 12.11.2015, No. 794-VIII: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/794-19#Text.

[349] Articles 191, 206-2, 209, 210, 211, 354, 364, 366-2,366-3, 368, 368-5, 369, 369-2, 410 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

[350] Article 216 / Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, No. 4651-VI, 13.04.2012: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17/conv#n2054.

[351] On two fronts: NABU's performance in H1 2022 / NABU, 10.08.2022: https://nabu.gov.ua/novyny/na-dva-fronty-rezultaty-roboty-nabu-u-pershomu-pivrichchi-2022-roku. Rebuffing the aggressor: NABU's contribution in almost half a year since the invasion / NABU, 11.08.2022: https://nabu.gov.ua/novyny/vidsich-agresoru-vnesok-nabu-za-mayzhe-piv-roku-z-pochatku-vtorgnennya.

[352] Anyone can contribute to the seizure and confiscation of the aggressor's property: Ukraine launched a portal for reporting assets of persons involved in the russian aggression against Ukraine / Office of the Prosecutor General, 30.03.2022: https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/kozen-moze-dolucitisya-do-arestu-ta-konfiskaciyi-maina-agresora-v-ukrayini-zapustili-portal-povidomlen-pro-aktivi-osib-pricetnix-do-agresiyi-rf-proti-ukrayini. 100 days of the Task Force’s work: The assets of those involved in Russian aggression must be used to compensate for Ukraine’s damages / 25.06.2022: https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/uivdon2hnzow. Andriy Kostin: ‘The primary objective of the Task Force is to swiftly redirect the assets of those involved in crimes against Ukraine to the victims of aggression as a compensation.’ / Office of the Prosecutor General, 16.08.2022: https://gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/task-force. Andriy Kostin held the first working meeting of the renewed Task Force / Office of the Prosecutor General, 09.09.2022: https://gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/andrii-kostin-proviv-perse-roboce-zasidannya-onovlenoyi-task-force?fbclid=IwAR1ycn75gX8qi8iF9zAVl62jiVncfPaQuvrPcRclOw3bivmM2NaMOU5ZFLM.

[353] Reparations for Ukraine: models, prospects, challenges / Analytical report // Dnistrianskyi Center, 2023: https://dc.org.ua/news/vidshkoduvannya-dlya-ukrayiny-modeli-perspektyvy-vyklyky-analitychna-dopovid. Confiscation of Russian assets: problems and risks of the HACC practice / Markiyan Bem // Yurydychna Hazeta, 09.06.2023: https://yur-gazeta.com/dumka-eksperta/konfiskaciya-rosiyskih-aktiviv-problemi-i-riziki-praktiki-vaks.html.

[354] Law of Ukraine ‘On the Economic Security Bureau,’ No. 1150-ІХ, 28.01.2021: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1150-20#Text.

[355] Articles 191, 199, 200, 203-2, 204, 205-1, 206, 206-2, 210, 211, 213, 212-1, 218-1, 219, 220-1, 220-2, 222, 222-1, 223-1, 224, 229, 231, 232, 232-1, 232-2, 233 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine / Article 216 // Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, No. 4651-VI, 13.04.2012: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17/conv#n2054.

[356] ESBU seized russian and belarussian assets for UAH 30 billion / Economic Security Bureau, 18.05.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/30-mlrd-griven-vartist-aktiviv-rosiyi-ta-bilorusi-na-yaki-beb-zabezpechilo-nakladennya-areshtu. ESBU secures seizure of russian property worth over UAH 600 million / Economic Security Bureau, 08.06.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/beb-zabezpechilo-nakladennya-areshtu-na-majno-rosiyi-vartistyu-ponad-600-mln-grn. ESBU seized property of a russian citizen worth almost UAH 1.3 billion / Economic Security Bureau, 29.06.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/beb-areshtuvalo-majno-gromadyanina-rf-na-sumu-majzhe-13-mlrd-griven. ESBU initiated seizure of assets from russian and belarusian companies amounting to UAH 360 million / Economic Security Bureau, 04.07.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/za-iniciativi-beb-zaareshtovano-majno-kompanij-rf-ta-rb-na-360-mln-grn. Corporate rights worth UAH 2.3 billion and 35 real estate units of a company associated with the russian federation were seized / Economic Security Bureau, 09.08.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/areshtovano-korporatyvni-prava-na-23-mlrd-hrn-ta-35-obiektiv-nerukhomosti-pidpryiemstva-iake-poviazano-z-rf. ESBU seizes property of a company linked to russia for UAH 350 million / Economic Security Bureau, 17.08.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/beb-areshtuvalo-maino-kompanii-poviazanoi-z-rf-na-350-mln-hrn. Assets of a former state duma deputy from the ‘united russia’ party seized by the ESBU / Economic Security Bureau, 29.08.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/beb-vystupaie-za-pryshvydshennia-vprovadzhennia-sanktsiinoi-polityky-initsiiovano-stvorennia-mizhvidomchoi-robochoi-hrupy. ESBU seizes over UAH 5 million in offices of a meat processing plant linked to russia / Economic Security Bureau, 20.10.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/beb-vyluchylo-ponad-5-mln-hrn-v-ofisakh-miasokombinatu-poviazanoho-z-rf. ESBU transfers assets of prominent russian businessmen worth UAH 10 billion to ARMA / Economic Security Bureau, 23.11.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/beb-peredalo-v-upravlinnya-arma-aktiv-vidomih-rosijskih-biznesmeniv-na-10-mlrd-grn. Over UAH 2.2 billion added to Ukraine's budget from assets of russia and belarus seized by the ESBU / Economic Security Bureau, 07.12.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/ponad-22-mlrd-griven-u-dohid-ukrayini-vid-areshtovanih-beb-aktiviv-rf-ta-rb. ESBU seizes the inventory of a company associated with the russian federation and belarus worth over UAH 50 million / Economic Security Bureau, 13.12.2022: https://esbu.gov.ua/news/beb-areshtuvalo-tmc-kompaniyi-povyazanoyi-z-rf-ta-rb-vartistyu-ponad-50-mln-grn.

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